Trueman’s Elementary Biology Vol 1 Pdf Free 258 ((HOT))

Trueman’s Elementary Biology Vol 1 Pdf Free 258

this study is the first to examine the relationship between blood lead and school outcomes. results of this study suggest that blood lead levels at or below 5 g/dl are not related to academic achievement in elementary school.

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while these results are consistent with claims of a causal relationship between blood lead levels and test performance, alternative interpretations are plausible and can be addressed using multivariate analysis. for instance, given the higher blood lead level for children of lower socioeconomic status (as measured by free/reduced-price lunch and low parental education), perhaps these factors are responsible for the observed association of blood lead levels and test scores. thus we used multivariate analysis to control for the covariates noted in methods. the referent group is defined as white female students, enrolled in the wake county school system, who do not participate in the free or reduced-price lunch program, who do not use a computer daily, and whose parents graduated high school.

model 3 results demonstrate a strong dose-response effect between early childhood lead exposure and performance on elementary school achievement tests. these results indicate clearly that early childhood lead exposure has a statistically significant and negative impact on school performance at levels well below the current cdc blood lead action level. these results are consistent with the observed association between blood lead levels and elementary school achievement scores demonstrated in both the descriptive analysis and regression models 12. all three models indicate, net of a set of control variables, that higher blood lead levels are associated with lower test scores. the least constrained model (model 3) reveals a general decline in test scores with rising blood lead levels. model 1 constrains this decline to be uniform across all blood lead levels.

it is also notable that the size of the coefficients on the lead variables is very meaningful compared with other covariates that we typically think of as profoundly influential on educational outcomes. for example, in model 3, in the 4th-grade reading analysis, a blood lead level of 3 g/dl has an impact roughly equal to 59% of the impact of participating in the free or reduced-price lunch program (the classic poverty indicator in school data). a blood lead level of 4 g/dl has an impact roughly equal to 90% of the impact of participating in the free or reduced-price lunch program, and a blood lead level of 6 g/dl has a greater impact. in addition, the size of the coefficients, which may seem small compared with the constants (~ 250265), are in fact quite substantial in context. for example, across north carolina in 20032004, the interquartile range for 4th-grade reading eog test scores spanned 12 points, and the interquartile range for 4th-grade mathematics eog test scores spanned 10 points. thus a blood lead level of 5 g/dl is associated with a decline in eog reading (mathematics) scores that is roughly equal to 15% (14%) of the interquartile range.
children who were screened for lead between the ages of 0 and 5 years from 1995 through 1998 in seven study counties (36,070 records for 35,815 children) were linked to their records in the 4th-grade eog testing data in age-corresponding years. the early childhood environmental data (blood lead levels) were linked to elementary school educational outcome data (eog test results) using 16 different combinations of social security number, date of birth, county federal information processing standards code, and first and last name. the linking schemas were designed to ensure accuracy while trying to achieve the highest number of linked records possible. records that were linked were given a code for the particular type of linking method used, which enabled each method to be reviewed for the number of accurate matches that it provided. each of the linking methods used educational data from 2000 to 2004, which allowed individuals to potentially be linked from the blood lead surveillance data to multiple end-of-grade tests from the educational data. our process linked 42.
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Trueman’s Elementary Biology Vol 1 Pdf Free 258 ((HOT))

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