Polymer Science Gowariker 11.pdf ((HOT))
Polymer Science Gowariker 11.pdf
polymer-based composite materials have received great attention in recent years because of their excellent physical and mechanical properties. the glass transition temperature of polymeric materials can be reduced by incorporating small amount of clay, which also promotes the dissipation of the internal stresses during processing and ultimately results in the formation of very tough and ductile nanocomposites. the addition of ceramic nanoparticles into a polymer matrix has been shown to be an effective approach to increase the strength of polymer nanocomposites. here, some recent advances in the design and synthesis of polymer-based nanocomposites and the associated nanostructured composite materials are reviewed.
carbonaceous materials, in particular, nanotubes, have been widely used to improve the properties of polymer nanocomposites. in this paper, several approaches for the fabrication of polymer-based nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes (cnts) are described. these approaches include melt blending, in situ polymerization, solution mixing, and emulsion processes. these approaches are briefly described with the examples of melt blending and solution mixing of polyolefin/cnt nanocomposites. although these two approaches are simple, they can yield good polymer-matrix nanocomposites. the final properties of the nanocomposites are mostly dictated by the characteristics of the matrix polymers and the dispersion of the cnts in the matrix. the melt-blended polypropylene nanocomposites are shown to have much higher thermal conductivity than neat polypropylene due to the presence of the cnts. the cnts can act as thermal conductors to transfer the heat generated by the motion of the cnts to the surrounding nanocomposite. also, these nanocomposites are compatible with thermoplastic processing due to the presence of the flexible polymer matrix. the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites are mostly improved through the addition of cnts. in the solution blending of polyolefin/cnt nanocomposites, the cnts are dispersed and well-mixed with the polyolefin matrix and the final properties of the nanocomposites are mainly dictated by the chemical and mechanical properties of the polyolefin matrix and the dispersion of the cnts in the matrix. these solutions-based cnts are mostly compatible with thermoplastic processing due to the presence of flexible polyolefin matrix. these nanocomposites have shown enhanced thermal and mechanical properties. in addition, these nanocomposites have also shown high electrical conductivities, good dispersion, and thermal stability. the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites can be further improved by addition of fillers and by controlling the size and morphology of the cnts.
the viscosity of chitosan solution is adversely affected with increase in storage time. it is likely that the storage stability of chitosan solution is governed by the bulk degradability of chitosan which is lower than its surface degradation. therefore, the presence of degradation products in chitosan solution, due to storage time, cannot be ruled out. it is also observed that increase in storage time decreases the viscosity of chitosan solution. this decrease in viscosity is primarily due to the degradation of polymer. the increased surface area of the nanoparticles results in faster degradation of the polymer. as the molecular weight of chitosan is higher, the degradation of polymer also increases, leading to greater viscosity of the solution. in addition to this, the presence of electrolyte in solution also degrades the polymer, leading to lower viscosity.
chitosan is applied to textile in the form of padding solution where the chemical remains in contact with water for a longer period. as biodegradability of chitosan is a well-known phenomenon the effect of storage time on the stability of its solution was studied in terms of change in solution viscosity. it is seen from figure 5 that the viscosity of chitosan solution is adversely affected with increase in storage time. though the reduction in viscosity of chitosan solution in storage time is significant, yet the viscosity of chitosan solution remains constant for a much longer period. this can be attributed to the presence of large number of particles of chitosan which are present in solution which are not degraded. the viscosity of chitosan solution is adversely affected with increase in storage time. it is likely that the storage stability of chitosan solution is governed by the bulk degradability of chitosan which is lower than its surface degradation. therefore, the presence of degradation products in chitosan solution, due to storage time, cannot be ruled out. it is also observed that increase in storage time decreases the viscosity of chitosan solution. this decrease in viscosity is primarily due to the degradation of polymer. the increased surface area of the nanoparticles results in faster degradation of the polymer. as the molecular weight of chitosan is higher, the degradation of polymer also increases, leading to greater viscosity of the solution.
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